4-Nonene (2198-23-4) Physical and Chemical Properties
4-Nonene
Non-4-ene is a linear C9 aliphatic alkene commonly used as an industrial intermediate and hydrophobic solvent component for specialty chemical synthesis and formulation.
| CAS Number | 2198-23-4 |
| Family | Aliphatic alkenes |
| Typical Form | Colorless liquid |
| Common Grades | EP |
4-Nonene is a linear internal monoalkene belonging to the nonene homologues; the double bond is located at the 4‑position of a nine‑carbon chain (IUPAC name reported as non-4-ene). The molecular formula is \(\ce{C9H18}\) and the molecular weight is 126.24 \(\mathrm{g}\,\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\). Structurally this class features a C=C double bond flanked by alkyl chains, permitting geometric (E/Z, cis/trans) isomerism about the double bond and a degree of conformational flexibility from multiple rotatable C–C single bonds. Computed descriptors indicate a nonpolar character (topological polar surface area = 0), no hydrogen‑bond donors or acceptors, and significant lipophilicity (XLogP = 4.2), consistent with solvent‑like behavior toward nonpolar solutes and limited aqueous solubility.
Electronically, the internal alkene presents the typical reactivity pattern of substituted olefins: susceptibility to electrophilic addition across the C=C bond, allylic oxidation and autoxidation pathways, and participation in transition‑metal mediated transformations (e.g., hydrogenation, hydroformylation). The lack of polar functional groups renders the substance chemically resistant to hydrolysis under neutral conditions but prone to oxidative cleavage (ozonolysis) and radical polymerization under initiating conditions. Industrially, linear internal alkenes of this chain length are used as intermediates in organic synthesis and may serve as blending components or nonpolar solvents where volatility and hydrocarbon compatibility are required.
Common commercial grades reported for this substance include: EP.
Physical Properties
The compound is an unfunctionalized C9 hydrocarbon with molecular formula \(\ce{C9H18}\), molecular weight 126.24 \(\mathrm{g}\,\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\), exact mass 126.140850574, monoisotopic mass 126.140850574, XLogP 4.2, topological polar surface area 0, hydrogen bond donor count 0, hydrogen bond acceptor count 0, rotatable bond count 5, and a computed structural complexity of 62.4. These values are consistent with a hydrophobic, low‑polarity liquid at ambient temperature that partitions strongly into organic phases.
Density and Phase
No experimentally established value for this property is available in the current data context.
Melting Point
No experimentally established value for this property is available in the current data context.
Boiling Point
No experimentally established value for this property is available in the current data context.
Vapor Pressure
No experimentally established value for this property is available in the current data context.
Viscosity
No experimentally established value for this property is available in the current data context.
Chemical Properties
Flammability and Combustion
This substance is classified as a flammable liquid and vapor (GHS: H226). It is also reported as an aspiration hazard (GHS: H304 — “May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways”). Hazard classification entries indicate Flam. Liq. 3 and Asp. Tox. 1. As with other hydrocarbons, combustion yields carbon dioxide and water under complete burning; incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide, soot and a complex mixture of partially oxidized organics. Vapors can form ignitable mixtures with air; ignition control, bonding/grounding and explosion‑proof equipment are appropriate engineering controls.
Reactivity and Typical Transformations
As an internal alkene, the compound undergoes standard alkene transformations: catalytic hydrogenation to the corresponding saturated alkane, electrophilic addition (hydrohalogenation, hydration under appropriate conditions), epoxidation and subsequent ring‑opening, halogenation, and oxidative cleavage of the double bond (e.g., ozonolysis or strong oxidative conditions). Transition‑metal catalyzed processes (hydroformylation, metathesis) can convert the alkene functionality to higher‑value oxygenated or elongated carbon frameworks. The allylic positions are prone to radical autoxidation when exposed to air and light, producing peroxides and oxygenated byproducts; therefore, handling and storage should minimize exposure to oxygen and heat to limit peroxide formation.
Identifiers and Synonyms
Registry Numbers and Codes
- CAS number: 2198-23-4
- EC number: 218-595-2
- DSSTox Substance ID: DTXSID4075451
- InChI: InChI=1S/C9H18/c1-3-5-7-9-8-6-4-2/h7,9H,3-6,8H2,1-2H3
- InChIKey: KPADFPAILITQBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- SMILES:
CCCCC=CCCC - Molecular formula: \(\ce{C9H18}\)
- Molecular weight: 126.24 \(\mathrm{g}\,\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\)
- Exact mass: 126.140850574
- XLogP (computed): 4.2
- TPSA: 0
- H‑bond donors: 0
- H‑bond acceptors: 0
- Rotatable bond count: 5
- Defined/undefined stereocenter/bond counts: Undefined bond stereocenter count = 1
- Canonicalized: Yes
Synonyms and Structural Names
Reported synonyms and name variants include: - 4-Nonene - Non-4-ene - non-5-ene - 4-Nonene, c&t - 4-Nonene (cis & trans)
Additional name forms and isomer labels observed in supplier/depositor lists include cis-4-Nonene, trans-4-NONENE, (Z)-4-Nonene and (Z)/(E) descriptors. Use of specific stereochemical descriptors should be confirmed with supplier specifications for a given lot.
Industrial and Commercial Applications
Use as Solvent or Fuel Component
Because of its nonpolar character and appreciable volatility relative to longer alkanes, this class of internal nonenes can be used as a nonpolar solvent for hydrophobic organics, a component in hydrocarbon blends and in formulations where moderate volatility and solvency for nonpolar substrates are required. Lipophilicity (XLogP = 4.2) and the absence of polar functionality make it suitable for applications where water immiscibility is desirable.
Commercial grades reported: EP
Representative Use Scenarios
Representative industrial scenarios include use as an intermediate in organic synthesis (e.g., routes requiring alkene functionality for subsequent hydrogenation, hydroformylation or metathesis), blending into hydrocarbon fuels or solvent mixtures, and as a feedstock for production of higher‑value oxygenates or alkylated products. Selection for a specific application depends on isomer composition (cis/trans ratio), purity, and presence of stabilizers or inhibitors to suppress polymerization and autoxidation.
Safety and Handling Overview
Flammability Hazards
The substance is a flammable liquid and vapor (GHS: H226) and can pose an ignition risk in the presence of heat, sparks or open flames. It is also reported as an aspiration hazard (GHS: H304). General precautions include use of intrinsically safe or explosion‑proof electrical equipment, effective ventilation to prevent vapor accumulation, elimination of ignition sources during handling and transfer, and grounding/bonding for bulk transfers. For specific precautionary measures, the listed precautionary statement codes include P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P331, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501.
Storage and Handling Considerations
Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well‑ventilated area away from oxidizing agents and sources of ignition. Minimize exposure to air, heat and light to reduce autoxidation and peroxide formation. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (gloves, eye protection, and protective clothing) and engineering controls (local exhaust ventilation) when handling. In the event of spills, absorb with inert material and prevent release to drains and waterways. For detailed hazard, transport and regulatory information, users should refer to the product‑specific Safety Data Sheet (SDS) and local legislation.
